Radiation: to emit something, to set forth as a ray. Radiation as it pertains to energy is to emit photons or particles. Examples of photons are light, x-rays or radio waves and examples of particles are electron, proton or neutron.
The principal characteristic of a radiated ray is that its physical properties closely associate with the mathematical representation of a circle or pendulum.
However, a more closer representation would be that of an ellipsoid:
The special case where A = B = C = R:
Basically, radiation is nature's way of transmitting energy by means of electromagnetics. Because of the oscillating nature of the electromagnetic wave's energy, it is easily detected. Also, wave mechanics plays a very important role.
A magnetic wave in must have an electric wave origin. The Electro-Magnetic Theory; clearly states "the magnetic state at the expense of an electric wave."
Applying Einstein's theory, "The electric wave created by a Hydrogen Fusion Reactions must have had an electric wave front." The reactions generates a photon which is an electromagnetic pulse emanating from the source.
Time is a linear element. Time's affect on a three dimensional system is to allow its representation in a two dimensional matrix; past and present, with the special case of "now." Thus, most the mathematical forms of energy are in a two dimensional form, normal trigonometry will suffice for general relationships. However, the emitted wave front is spherical by nature.
Seventeen million electron volts is a very good whack of energy. When burning 564 million tons of hydrogen into 560 million tons of helium per second, transforms 4 million mass tons into a whole lot of 17.6 million electron volt(s) and 4.0 million electron volt(s) electric explosions. The only direction the electric wave front can move is outward spherically.
The further out the viewer is from two radiators with respect to the two radiators distance from each other , the more the two radiators look as one. The electric state of the Sun follows this rule. All the electric explosions can be integrated as the distance from the Sun becomes very large compared to the radius of the Sun. There will be, however, an error function associated with bodies closer to the radiator.
The total energy emitted per unit time can be found by multiplying the number of occurrences times the energy released per occurrences. 2 x 10^23 protons/gram hydrogen, 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds, 2000 pounds = 1 ton = 7.2 x 10^29 charges per second. Times 21.6 Mev is 1.55 x 10^35 electron volts / sec. It is not the number of actions that occur in a second but rather the number of actions that occur at any given time. As the reaction occurs, the electric charge from the reaction increases from zero to a peak and decreases to zero again. The net affect of an average continuous group of reactions is an average continuous charge field.
The effects of the energy release must go somewhere and the only direction is outward spherically. Since the reaction is always the same potential, there must be a continuous single potential outward moving field. This constant outward moving field is not to be confused with a constant increasing electrostatic charge. An electrostatic charge is far different than a electric field. True, a charge exhibits an electric field, but a field may be developed without a charged body.
There is an argument for a constant increasing charge not to have the capability to sustain itself. As soon as the charge increases to a value to keep particles trapped the charge can not be increased further, because it becomes too difficult to displace charges.
In the case of the Sun, we have an astronomical charge point source supplying astronomically deep space. Given astronomical time, who's to say this condition is not oscillating. As the Sun burns, the field moves outward. When the Sun slows its burn, the field begins to collapse. When the Sun dies the field may implode.
The actual electronic wave front radiation value is easier to measure than calculate, because one must consider the length of time for the reaction along with the number of reactions and the space required for the reactions. The government measured the electric output of a nuclear explosion. The values will be discussed in fusion.
Radiation is really no different than the close range electro magnetic induction of a transformer. The main differences are: space is spherical and the transformer is linear, a transformer is near field effect and radiation is a far field effect, and the frequency response of space is enormously higher than that of a typical transformer.
Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity: Space itself is a medium which has a frequency response. Everything else that is possible is a sub set of the maximum frequency. The concept of Energy divided by Mass equals a Constant squared, fits well. The measured speed of light seems to have a number which corresponds well to this theory. Along with light: Radio Waves, Radar Waves, Micro Waves, Cosmic Waves, X-Rays, Gamma Rays all go about as fast. Mass in terms of Energy equates. The point being, a transformer operating very slowly simply fits his theory as a subset. The physical effect is the same only the limits are less.
The relationship between a photon and a particle is its frequency. A photon's frequency is extremely lower than of a mass's frequency. Assuming the concept of distance per time increment, then a moving frequency will expand by 1/f where f is the frequency. This is known as wave length.
The classical development of mathematical models tends to examine wave lengths in the two dimensional form. Both a photon and particle of mass are spherical in nature.
A difference between a photon and particle of mass, is a photon radiates its energy and mass contains its energy. Space is said to be simply a medium. As with all electromagnetic mediums, space has a resistance, capacitance, and inductance. The word given to these characteristics is impedance.
Applying all the low frequency theory's of electromagnetic phenomena to astronomically high frequency energy packets, we find things change only by a little bit. The only time this messes up is when the distance per unit time relationship reaches relativistic velocities of c.
The consequences are that Kirchoff's Laws prevails for photons and mass as it does direct current. It becomes simply a situation of how the observer views the phenomena. Along with Kirchoff's Laws, Gauss's, Maxwellian's, Newton's, and other laws also hold true.
One of the products of a capacitance and inductance system is resonance. The trapped energy in a particle is at resonance with the medium. Whereas, a photon is not trapped and consequently expands by square law. Electromagnetic phenomena, which possess characteristics as a photon and particle, are possible.
Here again, we reach one of my grievances with the way the electromagnetic radiation phenomena is described. "Ray" as in beam. None trapped electromagnet magnetic radiation is any thing but a beam. Like "magnetic lines" are not lines but magnetic flux; photon radiation is not a beam, it is a spherically expanding flux.
A beam, for example; is a LASER (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission Radiation). It is said; the changing of states of the electron within the atom generates a light photon. At the instant of generation, the photon radiates spherically outward. The photon packet traveling perpendicular to two precisely reflecting plates is bounced back and for many...many...many times. Each time the packet travels by another atom, which electron is in a state of decay, as the packet whizzes by, the electron changes state and releases its photon. The part of the photon traveling in the direction perpendicular to the reflecting ends adds to the energy of the packet. After grillions of such occurrences requiring tremendous distances to be traveled by the packet at the speed of light, the packet qualifies as a ray when finally emitted. LASERs are beams of light because the energy perpendicular to the packet is unamplified thus, lost.
A radiation phenomenon which was observed developing LASERs is resonant energy tends to take a greater portion of the available energy of a state change. Both increased energy transfer and phase stability occurs. In simpler terms; as an electromagnetic packet travels by an excited electron, it initiates the decay and drags off the energy in phase with the traveling packet.
Going from; here to there and back again is an oscillatory type function. Sin cosine functions are a good oscillatory type function too. Light, radio, and sound waves are all oscillatory in action. Add you and me to this picture and we have relative time. Time relative to us the observer. We perceive a transformer operating typically 10 cycles per second to the frequency of microwaves. 60 cycles per second being typical for normal U.S.A. electric supply. A typical sound wave type transformer would be found driving the speaker of most audio systems. A typical radio wave transformer would be used at a T.V. transmitting station. Microwaves which are oscillatory waves cook food and heat water. We relate time of our lives with the time of an oscillatory system, day and year
One can see the various ways energy can be transferred using a transformer. As one applies a direct current to the input coils of a transformer, the output coils' have an initial pulse followed by a drop off to zero force. Applying an alternating current to the input coils of a transformer gives a constant angular momentum, and the output coils have an opposite current induction. Because a pure sin wave has a cosine rate of change function, the wave has unique mathematical properties. As pulsating direct current is applied to the input coils of a transformer, the output coils yield a saw-toothed curved type alternating current.
All these conditions transmit energy electromagnetically. Energy has been induced to transfer. To electromagnetic induction, the mathematical relationship is the same. The radio and audio transformers are simply slow and limited subsets within Ether.
Even a 10 cycle per second oscillation radiates. If the observer were a long ways away from the transformer, sufficient to satisfy the time wave length requirements, then there would be a 10 cycle disturbance viewed mathematically as radiation in ether.
Because light's frequency is high, its wave length is very short. The wave length of light compared to that of a 10 cycle wave is 1000 angstroms to 1000 kilometers, a difference of 10^13. As a human observer, who deals with objects at arms length, about one meter, the wave length of light is about ten to the tenth times the required length to be personally observed as a radiated wave.
In either light or 10 cycle transformer, electromagnetic induction accounts for the occurrence of energy transfer. The reason light is called a form of electromagnetic radiation is because it follows all the electromagnetic formulas.
When mathematically describing nature, what seems insignificant is often discarded and limits are put on. The reason for simplification is the human condition. We can't keep it all straight.
For an observer outside the radiation wave length area, the observer would be in the far field area. For an observer inside the radiation wave length area, the observer would be in the near field area.
The affect of near field calculations dealing with electric charge is to linearize the occurrence. The affect of far field calculations dealing with electric charge is to sphericalize the occurrence. All radiated waves are spherical in nature. What linearizes waves in a media is the viewpoint of the observer.
For ether space, the frequency response is high enough to allow atomic and subatomic mass. Lower frequency transmission, such as gama waves, x-ray waves, light waves, heat waves, micro waves, radio waves, sound waves and astronomical waves are subset possibilities of a media which can propagate astronomically high frequencies.
In the Classical Energy Theory, Energy can be redeveloped in terms of angular velocity. Thus, there is a period and a frequency. The period being the time for one complete angular revolution. The frequency being the number of revolutions in a given time, which is mostly defined in terms of seconds.
For electromagnetic radiation the distance time constant seems to be the speed of light. Therefore the wave length times the frequency equals the speed of light.
If an electric field is undergoing a constant angular change, it is said to be oscillating. If an oscillating electric field were imposed on long wire, such that the distance of travel is greater than the wave length, energy would transfer radially away from the wire its peak of efficiency.
The characteristic of the electric and magnetic field intensities at points away from the wire is given by:
The average power transmitted per unit area is (1/2) * E * H. This seems to be constant in a vacuum. The velocity of the wave is affected by materials effect on the electric and magnetic fields in the media.
The potential energy is present at points away from the wire without having electrons transfer. The power is available merely by the radiated electric and magnetic fields. A power system is in affect moving outward from any radiating device.
The length of wire being a wave length criteria is not a condition of radiation but only a condition of radiation efficiency. Given the same frequency, a shorter or longer wire would radiate, however, it would transmit power inefficiently.
Should another wire be at the point where the radiated energy can couple into it, energy can be converted from electromagnetically radiated energy to electron flow energy. This is exactly what happens with radio waves in an antenna. It's also the far field affect of any transformer. A slug of Iron in space would couple energy in a similar fashion.
Because the electric intensity is proportional to the inverse square of the distance between the electric field and the point of interest, it stands that the maximum energy available for coupling is also proportional to the inverse square of the distance, because the magnetic field is directly related to the electric field at any point.
As electromagnetic energy is radiated it also can be reflected. The two waves are superimposed at points where the radiated and reflected waves meet. This creates a condition which is called standing waves. This is where the electric and associated magnetic field nodes are not oscillating as much. The fields seem to be standing or constant at some point. However, there is still two waves moving.
Radar being a type of reflected wave - standing wave measuring device. As an electromagnetic wave is generated by a source in a particular direction, it requires so much time to propagate and travel to a point, at that point it can be reflected and the reflected wave requires the same amount of time to get back. When the reflected wave is detected we know that there is reflective material at such a distance and direction which reflects electromagnetic waves. However, not only is the reflected signal seen but the speed at which the object is moving affects the wave reflection properties, thus, we can determine velocity and heading of the object.
The words given to wave length distance, which creates standing waves, is resonance value.
A common representation of an electromagnetic wave can be spherical from the point of origin. Waves propagated from a fusion reaction occur at point, as multitude of points combine, the total forms a wave front. The spherical instantaneous value of electric intensity can be given by:
The one thing that these expressions can not cope with is a constant source of energy. As f * 
l = c^2 would yield inappropriate conditions. As frequency approached 0 obviously the wave length would approach infinite. Because one of the properties of matter is to resist change, there is a difference between a constant field and a changing field. Changing field tend to affect matter where as a constant field doesn't. Once a constant field is set up the affect on and by matter tends to be minimal. This is only a tenancy, it is not a mater of absolute fact.
As an example; heat from the Sun is an electromagnetic vibrating wave which induces molecular vibrations in the atmosphere, on the Earth's surface and in human skin. The energy is mostly absorbed by these surface elements. For humans we feel warmth, however, if too much energy is absorbed we get burnt. Higher frequency electromagnetic waves induce vibrations of material within the human eye which allows us to see.
A constant field is hardly felt. Many people who wear wool and nylon which makes a good static electric generator are unaware of the static field until there is a rapid change due to discharging in a door knob.
Radiation is affected by outside materials and events. Electromagnetic waves can be bent by gravity. If given the proper conditions, an electromagnetic wave can be interfered with. However, for the most part electromagnetic waves are not affected by each other. Waves tend to line up when traveling in the same direction but do not interfere with each other when traveling at another angle with respect to each other. The ability of a material to absorb electromagnetic waves depends upon the frequency of the wave and the material. Because each element has a quantum amount of energy it can convert both the emission and the absorption of electromagnetic waves is in quantum amounts. For example; the emission of light from the state change of an electron in an atom is a particular frequency. It is not a continuous emission of all the frequencies in the spectrum. The frequency of emission can be extremely precise. So precise that a magnetic field can be detected because of the shift in frequency of emission which is caused by the magnetic field. Such is the case with the Zeeman effect.
Electromagnetic radiation from an atom is in quantum amounts. There is a discrete amount of energy radiated. To have a continuous radiated electromagnetic wave requires a continuous amount of actions from a large volume of atoms. One atom will not continually radiate, however, a mass of atoms may continually radiate. This is the condition of how a Laser operates and it is how the Sun operates. There is a large amount of atoms continually causing a seemingly continuous output.
Radiation due to electromagnetic waves has a mathematical relationship with energy. Several other important energy equations came from Planck, Wien, Stefan, Maxwell, Schrodinger and deBroglie.
Plank developed the relationship of energy to frequency of radiation.
and;
For example; find the energy of an x-ray at 1 angstrom.
1 angstrom = 10^-10 meters.
f = speed of light / wave length.
f = 3 x 10^8 m/s / 10^-10m = 3 x 10^18 /sec.
h f = 6.62 x 10^-34j-s * 3 x 10^18/sec = 19.9 x 10^-16 joules.
Wien differentiated the spectral emittance èf and set the derivative to zero. The result was that the frequency increases linearly with increasing temperature, or;
This seems to be good for all bodies including the Sun.
Stefan wanted the total rate of radiation from a blackbody, including all frequencies or wavelength. Therefore, he integrated è from f to df between the limits of f = 0 to f = infinite. He got:
However, not all bodies are ideal blackbodies so a factor a for absorptions was added. Thus:
Thus, the radiated energy of the Sun at 6,500 degrees Kelvin can found assuming a good blackbody 
= 1
As the temperature is to the forth power, any little change could have a big effect on the value found in the formula. This formula is for radiating bodies, and it assumes that the body is radiating uniformly.
The temperature at the Sun's core can be 800,000 degrees Kelvin.
The energy said to be generated by the Sun is 4 x 10^26 joules/m^2
Maxwell arrived at the equations which show that an electromagnetic wave represents energy in motion. Maxwell's formula:
When this is evaluated; the velocity is the speed of light.
For a fusion reaction the total energy realized is 17.6 & 4 Mev.
If the energy were realized as an accelerated electron wave, the accelerating force or voltage would be;
Applying:
This is a large electric potential. Because the nuclear reaction goes on spherically within the Sun, one can say the surface of a sphere at a given instant may have an accelerating electric force field.
The nature of the energy release is random and spherical.
Generally, it is believed that the nuclear reaction occurs in the core of the Sun. The energy then works its way out in three ways. One way is the typical thermal radiation, the other is by photon radiation and the third way is by neutrinos.
A near by atom is going to get a excited this discharge. Electrically, this is analogous to a dielectric. Thus, the total energy which is liberated is absorbed by atoms around the Sun. However, eventually, the absorption characteristic will reach a maximum or a point of equilibrium and stop. Electrons within atoms can only be stretched so far. At that time, energy will pass through the mass around the discharge. The Sun is very hot and a lot of electrons are in a plasma state. Therefore, a charge follows Gauss's laws. The electrical charge impulse must radiate through the dielectric as if the dielectric was a conductor, consequently the total value of the electric impulse charge of the reaction will radiate into all space. Applying the energy release 1 electron volt equaling 11,600 degrees kelvin. 21.3 Mev is 2.47 x 10^11 degrees kelvin. This is a total energy release of 1.966 x 10^38 joules/sec-meter^2. Plugging this number in for the energy output of the Sun and there is plenty of energy to account for the increase of inertia of the Earth by the Suns output.
The problem is "what's a neutrino." The concept of neutrino was developed to visualize a mass leaving the Sun to account for the mass discrepancy because spectral radiation will not account for the mass discrepancy. This would mean there is a large build up of energy within the Sun if the energy were not radiated. The energy has got to be accounted for so neutrinos were conceived. It my view that, yea, may be there is a neutrino but the energy which needs to be accounted for is an electromagnetic impulse of a singularly polarized field.
There is a difference between a radiated electromagnetic wave and expanding electric field. Classically, a radiating electromagnetic wave oscillates. Seemingly an expanding direct electric field does not oscillate, it just expands, however, if the time required for the occurrence of the wave were astronomically longer than the time of the observer then what seems direct to the observer may be alternating astronomically.
An increasing electric field induces a magnetic field. A constant increasing electric field would generate a constant magnetic field associated with the electric field. One must take into account the time and distance of the universe. Time being measured in billions, if not more, of years and distance in billions of light years. To the mere time and space a human takes up, an astronomically expanding electric wave can easily exist. A wave period measured in billions of years. To a human on Earth, the effect is near field. That is, we are within a single wave length period. We don't see this as a wave but as a constantly accelerating field. It looks some what linear to the observer on Earth.
Schrodinger and deBroglie developed the complex set of wave equations which became the wave mechanics or quantum mechanics of today because the classical energy relationships did not quite match for discrete emissions of a body. It was found that light in general did not always generate energy when incident on a photoelectric device. Also found, was spectral omissions in many light patterns, thus, the emission of energy from a body had spectral lines missing. The missing lines or frequencies had to be accounted for. Thus, the development of a quanta structure where radiated emission depended upon the energy level of the electron when it changed states. The wave equations are quite complex. Wave mechanics works for many waves types as shock, water, sonic, and electronic.
Basically, these theories suggest that there is discrete locations where energy or bodies exist or can exist, and there are discrete locations where energy or bodies do not exist. These locations equate to resonant points.
The same seems to be the case with astrobodies. Around the 1920's to 1940, J.B. Penniston, William Malisoff and Viktor Goldschmit further worked with the Bode-Titus principle and A.E. Caswell's Law, and showed there is similar relationship with the various planets satellites as with the planets and sun. In a mathematical treatment strictly analogous to that of standing waves, distribution of lines in spectra and other laws of harmonic relationships, show the distances of the planets from the Sun and the satellites from the planets follow a quantum relationship.
This suggests that the relationship of all natural satellites to that of their system follow Schrodinger and deBroglie's wave mechanics equations. As they say in Thermal Dynamics; there is a strong connection between Atomics, Electromagnetics and Astronomics.
To evaluate the energy leaving the Sun, the power output is represented by the sum of three luminosities: photon luminosity, neutrino luminosity and mass loss luminosity.
Photon luminosity of the Sun is: I = 4 * 
* r0 (radius) integral from zero to infinity of the net outgoing energy flux at wavelength in the interval 
. The mass loss is simply counting the number of physical particles moving out, using E = mc^2 and determining an energy luminosity for the mass. What is left over from the total energy minus photon and physical energy leaving the Sun is electromagnetic impulse energy. Neutrino luminosity is purely an imaginary concept to account for something scientist believe to be an inequality in the energy in equals energy out equation.
When evaluating photon luminosity the medium must support a zero to infinity integral, all subset waves may be propagated. The system of media transfer may have inherent frequency responses. The frequency response of the medium may absorb, transmit or reflect waves. This leaves the door wide open, so-to-speak, for wave propagation of very low frequencies.
In Donald D. Clayton's book; Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis, the pressure from a charge is treated as insignificant, however, there is a charge pressure. Although the charge pressure may be insignificant to the pressure for fusion, it is not insignificant to the Earth, which is in close proximity to the Sun, and fully submerged in the Solar Wind.
The electromagnetic photon is created by a sudden change of charge. For example; as an electron is pumped up with energy, it is said to change state. The electron is said to be excited. The state of excitement is said to be quantum. As the electron looses its energy and returns to its rest state a electromagnetic photon is released.
The mechanism for such a electromagnetic phenomenon is the same for any change of charge required to create radiation at lower frequency. The relationship between an electron rich conductor with high speed electron migration, to that of an electron poor conductor with slow migration speed, is the same for the time of state change. The more energy the electron has the faster it will change state regardless of the media it is in. As the electron starts to change state, a charge variance occurs. The result is a photon electromagnetic disturbance in Ether. The disturbance spherically radiates outward at the speed of light. Such a disturbance is a light photon.
After such a disturbance is generated, the conducting media regulates the energy transfer. In a media as that of the Sun, there are going to be several possible energy transfer response characteristics. The same can be said about the transfer frequency response characteristics of the solar space between the Earth and Sun.
It is one thing to discuss electromagnetic radiation from a state changing electron, and entirely another to discuss electromagnetic radiation from mass discrepancy of the state change of protons. Basically, electron state change and proton state change is same only different. Being the same but different, is my way of saying the principle is the same, but the method is different. Such as: Language; all languages are the same but different. All are spoken and are meant to communicate information between individuals, but the words are different. Or, all digital computers are the same but different. All digital computers work by the binary principle, but they definitely do not do the same thing. The state change of a electrons is puny compared to the state change of protons. Another difference is that electron state changes radiate alternating a electromagnetic flux and proton state changes are pulsating direct electromagnetic flux.
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