In the beginning I asked the question; "What causes the Earth's magnetic field?" By now, you should have the idea that there is no simple answer and its not magic either. I will propose no less than seven flux systems which are in effect, that make up a large part of the Earth's magnetic system. There easily could be more.
Standard scientific situations have mislead people in the quest for an answer regarding the Earth's magnetic field. The first error, which scientist insist on applying to the field, totally misrepresents the data, is averaging. Most the data is averaged. This is a mistake because the dynamics of the Earth's magnetic system is real time. Averaging the data limits the data. The second error which is not as bad as the first is the use of insignificant. In determining the origin of the Earth's magnetic system, small changes in real time are very significant, especially of those changes in close proximity to the magnetometer. A third problem is insufficient readings of the magnetic field. There is simply not enough data to accurately map the Earth's magnetic flux in real time. As such, I say, all data is some what misleading.
The largest data error is created by computers. This is not to say the computer actually makes the error, it is to say that the program fed into the computers by humans makes the error. For example; in order to pinpoint magnetic north or south for a specific day an average over the complete day is taken. In order pinpoint the magnetic poles for a year the average over the year is taken. These two sets of data, except for generalities, is next to worthless. In midnight to midnight readings, the vertical and horizontal magnetic components changed as much as 10 degrees depending on location. Even the declination measurement change by 5+ degrees in many readings. This is an enormous variance. Averaging this data variance destroys it's value.
I included a graph from Nature 1973 with described a 1965 polar drift (page 5). This is an average reading made at the end of a day. This graph looks good and shows the average drift to change but in the midnight to midnight readings (page 6) the polar drift exceeds the average reading during part of the twenty four hour period. I include these because they are published authorities. They are not accurate but do show generalities.
Magnetic readings indicate that the magnetic poles attempt to stay somewhat fixed on a single point independent of spin but the poles also show a variance based upon spin. From this, it can be concluded, two magnetic components are present. One component attempts to maintain the poles at a fixed position with respect to the Earth's surface and the other component attempts to maintain the poles at a fixed position with respect to the Earth's spin.
A magnetic effect which supports the component fixed in position with respect to the Earth's spin normal to the Sun is the high altitude measurements. The magnetic cusp tends to always stay fixed with respect to the Sun and does not alter with the Earth's surface location during the 24 hours of the day. The magnetic cusp always points toward the Sun at about a 50 degree angle at high altitudes and very close to 5 degrees at very lower altitudes. The fact that this component points toward the Sun means that it is powered flux and not a dragging flux. A drag would point away from the Sun or in the direction of energy flow.
Directional definitions with respect to Earth:
Bow, the side in the trajectory of linear motion.
Stern, the side opposite the Bow.
Front, the side pointing to the Sun.
Back, the side opposite the front pointing away from the Sun.
Top, North.
Bottom, South
Note; The bow is not the side the bow shock is on, the bow shock is on the font side. Being called the bow shock is not quite accurate. It is a forntal shock. The shock wave is not caused by the Earth hitting the solar space. The shock wave is caused by the solar wind hitting the Earth. This is significant only to those who know how to sail.
The interplanetary magnetic field align's itself with the Earth's field. Actually, it align's with the internal Earth's magnetic field, which is opposite to the external Earth's magnetic field on the surface. The graph of the alteration of the interplanetary magnetic field (page 23) shows the interplanetary magnetic field being focused through the Earth. The flux is affected as far back as the plasma mantle which is 50 or so Earth radii. This indicates that the flux is concentrated into the Earth. This is a classic example of iron susceptibility. This would help explain the cusp too.
The interplanetary field and the Earth's field internal alignment is a function of material. If the material were diamagnetic the body's field would oppose the interplanetary field. In effect, the interplanetary field would go around the body rather than through it. In a diamagnetic body, the equatorial flux would exceed the polar flux.
The effect on any body exactly in the Sun's equatorial plane is to be within a magnetic field which is perpendicular to the equatorial plane and continuous in a circular plane about the Sun. A body of suitable material moving up in the orbital would undergo a force which would push it down and visa versa when it goes down. If the materials were to create an opposite flux in the body, the body would be forced out of the equatorial center. This makes a forced orbital plane. For lack of a better name, orbital trap. A more general term, circular planar vortex. This vortex will align any planet to an equtorial orbit all going in the same direction.
If a conductor of any length and area, were in the moving electric field wave within this magnetic flux vortex, then a force would be on the conductor perpendicular to the magnetic field, and perpendicular to the impact of the electric field vector. The force vector affects are close to the same thing as either being caused by a current of individual charges moving driven by a static electric field vector or the electric field vector moving driven by radiation. Should the electric field vector, which is moving, have an associated magnetic pressure, the wave is capable of doing work. Therefore, there has got to be a force on Earth perpendicular to the magnetic equatorial flux and moving electric field vector.
The moving electric wave is a real force. The interplanetary magnetic field is a secondary force generated by the affect on the Sun's internal currents. In the system of the Earth and other planets, both the electric wave and interplanetary magnetic field are prime forces in that the planets can only react. Two prime forces can vector sum in an object to create a third force vector. In this case, the force is physical.
As the interplanetary magnetic flux of a relatively extend area is passing through the Earth, the surface of the Earth has less interplanetary magnetic flux about it. This doesn't mean that the flux going along the surface is the return line for the interplanetary flux going through the planet either. Flux density is limited, if more flux goes through the object then less is at the surface. Since the interplanetary magnetic flux that goes into the system must come out of the system, there is less for surface flux. At the surface, the interplanetary flux just isn't there.
If the two prime forces cause lateral force, what causes spin? Are the prime forces the same at the frontal impact area as they are leaving? Doesn't the fact of motion create another force vector? Does the current in the solar wind affect the body evenly? What does the bow wave and tail's neutral sheet currents do? As we will see, there is a lot of things which will affect the impact on the body by these two primary force vectors. It is the time to interject the curl. Take your right hand, making the center and index fingers point outward and palmward, then the thumb points upward, thus, representing three vectored forces which are 90 degrees apart. Now, do the same thing with the left hand. Effectively, the hands are vectored pi out of phase. This represents the rule of hand for moters and generators.
Now for the real trick. Turn one hand upside down and put both together. All six pointing fingers are pi out of phase. But, look at the little fingers. They are curled in the same direction. This represents the curl force. In addition to this vector force, there are many others which could affect spin.
Each substance has it's own unique magnetic moment. It is this unique magnetic moment which controls paramagnetic, diamagnetic, or ferromagnetic reaction in materials. Any forced movement in a magnetic field will torque this magnetic moment and will generate a counter EMF. The direction of torque will depend upon the magnetic moment of the material. The torque will be perpendicular to the magnetic field, force, and magnetic moment. Materials of different magnetic moment, if in close proximity to each other, could interact, resulting in a vector moment not perpendicular to the magnetic field.
At 2 volts per kilometer, there is a 25,000 volt difference between Earth's front and back. Internally, the front is going to have more positive charged masses and the back is going to have more negative charged masses. In addition, the charges in motion will tend to move opposite the 25,000 volt difference due to magnetic-charge-motion vectors. Also, Debye shielding will affect this system. As the positive charged mass is very massive compared to a negative charged mass, the affects of drag or inertia are going to be much greater on a positive mass than negative mass. Within a loosely bound liquid medium, the type of material would affect the force on the particles; as diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and ferromagnetic. Since both sides of the planet's center normal are forced in the same direction, if there were an uneven force the body would undergo torque. It looks like there are all sorts of ways that uneven force vectors can happen.
In the Earth's mantle, electrons are being force into the silicon material by the space charge and can become trapped. As the prime forces cause motion and torque, a surface charge on the sphere travels faster and further than internal charges causing a reactance magnetic field about the sphere perpendicular to spin. At some time the reactance magnetic field would even out with drag and torque. The planets spin would stabilize at a critical speed. That is; the energy required to generate the magnetic field and energy supplied in torque would be equal. In a stable quiescent condition, adding energy would increase torque and increase the magnetic field, and subtracting energy would decrease torque and decrease the magnetic field.
This gives two spin related magnetic fields which would move with spin. One is the counter EMF by the torque on the material and the other is charges forced to move which are close to the surface to generate a magnetic field.
The magnetic field from the spin forces protons in the solar wind to one side and electrons to the other side as they fly by the body in space. Forcing of protons to one side electrons to other creates an imbalance in the electric flux just outside the bow shock area to the bow and stern where this occurs. At the boundary, the current is outside the Earth, the magnetic field would be generated external to the Earth. On the surface of the Earth and gradient through it, the flux would be in the direction of the Earth's surface flux and opposite the internal flux. The magnetic flux would be strictly to the bow and stern sides of the Earth and not around it. This magnetic field would affect any charges in motion which pass through it creating a wave.
It should be noted that this bow and tail lobe structure are highly complex. When studying the bow and tail lobes of the various planets it becomes clear that the affect the planet has on the solar system is a function of the planet's material. The only two lobe structures which seem to be common are Jupiter and Saturn. All the rest of the planets have something different from each other. It also can be said that the planet's magnetic structure is a function of the planet's material.
Thermal convection seem to exist within the Earth's surface. The planet's interior is not just nice and neatly going around in circles. Thermally, the planet is moving hot material at the center to the cool surface. This in it self creates a current. Since the core of the Earth supports plasma atoms, any motion involving these atoms will affect the force on the material. Giant convection currents can easily produce a magnetic field on the surface of the planet. Some affects of these currents has been measured but seem to be weak. Because the Earth is generally in a steady state, the convection currents would also need to be in a steady state. It seems from thermal measurements at the planet's surface that the thermal convection area's tend to stay in one place. We can tell this from hot spots as Hawaii and Yellowstone. These hot spots stay in one place for a long period of time when compared to a day, week, month, or year. The convection currents seem to be in the same place regardless of the location of the surface from day to day. More than likely, these currents would function similar to wind cells found above the surface. Because of the steady state characteristic of these types of currents, they would tend to lock their magnetic structure to a specific location.
Sharp boundary area's in motion would tend to generate a magnetic field. The Earth's seems to have a boundary area between the core and mantle. This is a liquid-semiliquid thermally hot boundary. Since the Earth is rumbling through space, surface boundary waves can easily be set up in this media. The magnetic reaction to a physical surface wave would be periodically alternating in nature. The frequency of these waves can be quite high compared to steady state. These fluxes have been measured.
The most common magnetic effect other than a current through a wire is hysteresis in iron. This is the where the material cools solid and locks in the magnetic field. The surface of the planet has a lot of iron in solid form on it. The affect of this magnetic field will be to lock the magnetic flux independent of the spin or the affects of the solar system.
Iron becomes magnetized in two basic fashions. Heat a slug of iron up and let it cool in a magnetic field. Or, leave a slug of iron sitting in a magnetic field for a long period of time. Either way, iron will align it's magnetic domains up with an external magnetic field. The Earth is constantly up chucking molten material which when cools will lock a magnetic field in. Since the magnetic field doesn't migrate significantly for time lengths of thousands of years, there will be a realigning affect of previously aligned material. Realignment is a slow process but given a long enough time, it will occur.
With hysteresis, it's the bottom of the river theory. No matter how fast the river is moving, the water very, very, very close to the fixed bottom is not moving. The same thing is true with surface magnetics. Very close to the material, the magnetic structure can be totally different that just a little ways above it. The last layer of molten material laid down is going to be closest to the surface.
The Earth's crust averages 35 miles thick. This is a lot of fixed iron. Magnetic measurements taken a couple thousand feet above the surface of this material given the enormous area would easily represent more of the surface than of the atmosphere. Obviously, any alteration of the surface as in tectonic plate movement would alter the direction of the magnetic field close to the surface. Large area movements could easily yield magnetic measurements close to these areas which do not go along with the rest of the world. This particular affect is the driving force which accounts for the magnetic component which tends to keep the poles at a fixed location on the Earth's surface.
Any magnetic reading made using today's equipment will sense only the vectored force. This vectored force is the summation of all the magnetic fluxes in the spot the measurement is take. A summation is different than averaging. Averaging is quantum where summation is continuous.
The whole affect of close proximity hysteresis can be seen easily. Simply get a small bar magnetic and compass then watch what happens as the compass is moved farther away from the bar magnet. The compass needle points to the bar magnet's north pole very strongly close to the magnetic but at distances away from the magnetic, the field strength diminishes. Compared to a typical hand held bar magnetic the Earth's magnetic field is very week. Typically, less than one part in ten thousand. Thus, when the compass is in close proximity to the bar magnet, the bar magnet's affect on the compass is very strong. At a long distance, the bar magnet seems to have little affect on the compass.
The Earth's magnetic force flux is very weak. However, the size of the Earth makes the flux moment strong. Very generally speaking, over the surface of the Earth, the magnetic field is fairly constant. A magnetic field's vector strength is relative to all the fields which make it up.
If the Earth were static, then it would follow that hysteresis should align itself up with the spin field. A volcano can blow material which is solid and deep within the crust miles away and leave it on the surface. Tectonic plate movement changes the location of surface material over a long period of time. A large magnetized meteor can smash into the Earth which is just below the surface and affects the surface magnetics. There are many different ways that the surface hysteresis affect will not align itself with the spin. Any device which is as primitive as the compass will be affected by these surface anomalies just like the compass is affected by a bar magnet.
On Earth, individuals want to know how a field relates to them. The ocean in places can be very deep which would be far from the surface affects and water does not exhibit hysteresis, or the ocean can be shallow which will reflect the hysteresis surface conditions better. Air planes which fly very high are not as affected by surface hysteresis as a person standing on a iron rich surface. The magnetic affect that most people rely on is that of a field very close to the surface. A thick iron deposit laid down millions years ago can exhibit a magnetic field which does not represent the normal Earth's magnetic structure what so ever. North can be south and a hundred miles in some direction north can be east, and the whole thing is a matter of hysteresis. Imagine the affect if a poles were moved. To the ancient mariner lost at sea sailing around in circles with a compass going around in circles it's life and death.
The strongest magnetic field which affects the Earth is the interplanetary field. At the poles the interplanetary field is a strong field on the surface of the planet. However, the field is not north-south as people tend to imagine, instead, the field is bowed up and down. In conjunction with a traveling electromagnetic wave, creates a motion force on the planet. This force drives the planet. Any magnetic force which tends to move the planet is very significant. The interplanetary field strength at the planet's equator surface is very weak. Due to the bowing, this field changes intensity at any given spot depending on the time of day.
The strongest magnetic fields that affect the Earth's outer surface of hysteresis, charge motion, counter emf to the interplanetary force vector. The affects of hysteresis is to keep the magnetic flux closely associated with location just like a magnet. This flux, although easily aligning with the magnetic poles, can also be polarized some other way. This is a strong force and can be measured as such off Bermuda.
The spin affect the surface magnetics by forcing charges to move. This field tends to change with the body's rotation in space. This magnetic flux is generated as a polarized. The magnetic flux vector is a function of direction and magnitude of spin.
Counter emf is the reaction of spin by the materials magnetic moments forced to torque. The counter emf is a function of material and will directly affect the direction and magnitude of spin.
Charge spin and counter EMF will directly sum and form the overall magnetic vector direction. The spinning charge and counter emf magnetic fields tend to affect the material on the surface, which over time, create the hysteresis condition. The counter EMF set up by the motion force will be similar to the spin magnetics.
The next strongest magnetic field on the surface is that of convection which also tends to maintain poles at a fixed location. These fixed locations for this type of field don't always align themselves with the spin poles. The poles of this type of field will align with the direction of the convection current which generally remains the same for long periods. Strong field have been measured around Hawaii and Yellow Stone.
The bow and tail lobe currents have a affect on the surfaces. These field's interact with large moving ferromagnetic land blocks moving into these fields affective range. Iron rich areas which are not under hysteresis will tend to intensify the motion of the fields intensity at the surface of the Earth. The lobe current magnetic fields can interact with the Earth's surface either by being affected by the susceptibility of the material it cuts or by generating a current in a land mass capable of supporting such a current, thus, creating a temporary magnetic flux. Again, the magnetic field at a point like this, changes with the time of day.
The second to last of these fields in strength is the electron-proton split caused by the spin magnetic field on the solar wind followed by the solar current which has a very weak daily affect. Bow-tail, electron-proton split, and interplanetary current sheet affects the daily change of the magnetic flux vector because they are stationary and the Earth's surface moves into them on a daily basis from spin. Even the position of the moon will affect the magnetic vector. This is another time related flux change.
Magnetic field strength and direction is relative to the height above the surface, surface location, and time of day when making the measurement. In close proximity to the surface, hysteresis is predominate. Above the surface the spin magnetic flux will be predominate. Very high above the surface the flux would be fairly consistent and depends on the time of year. The Earth's magnetic flux is not caused by just one source. The Earth's magnetic flux has many sources in a complex arrangement.
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