Chemistry is the branch of natural science that is concerned with the description and classification of matter, with the changes which matter undergoes, and with the energy associated with each of these changes. Chemistry is a discipline within the confines of electricity and physics. Chemistry is the study of the elements which are electro-gravitational in nature.
The study of chemistry started before humans had fire. Studying fire, how to use fire, how to start fire, and how to keep fire is the study of chemistry. Finding the right berry, squashing it, and filtering out only the color for body painting is using chemistry. Finding a burnt out log, collecting the black char, and mixing it to use as a wall painting is using chemistry. The study of chemistry was going well during the bronze age, is going today, let's hope, goes on for a long time to come.
It said that Archimedes' was the father of chemistry. It was information about gold that Archimedes was seeking. How to test for solid gold and determine if the king's crown is solid gold. Great story, but humanity already had gold, lead, nickel, tin, iron, and whole pile of other stuff at the time. Archimedes was only a practitioner of chemistry and far from being it's father.
Such things as force applied by a mass, solid or fluid, is important in chemistry. Archimedes simply wrote down the relationship of mass density to gravitational force and displacement. A chemist had already made it solid, or pure, and melted it, so Archimedes could measure this relationship. Archimedes found:
In the scheme of astrophysics, Archimedes is known for his spiral. The Archimedes spiral forms the tails of most galaxies.
The study of chemistry, led to the atomic theory. Prior to the seventeenth century, humanity studied the affects of elements and combinations of elements in amounts large enough for humanity to see, smell, and touch. It wasn't till the later part of the seventeenth century that John Dalton, state his famous atomic theory of matter. The atomic theory of matter states that there are three known masses: neutron, proton, and electron. Things have changed since then too.
| Element | Mass | Charge |
| 1.109 x 10^-31 Kgm | -1.6 x 10^-19 | |
| 1.673 x 10^-27 Kgm | +1.6 x 10^-19 | |
| 1.675 x 10^-27 Kgm | 0 |
The relationship between charged masses within an atom; for each proton in the nuclei, there is an electron flying around the nuclei as if in a cloud about the proton. The different elements have different number of protons in the nuclei. However, the concentration of neutrons in the nuclei has three separate conditions associated with the element; elements with neutrons lower than the rest amount, the exact number of neutrons for the rest state, and more neutrons than needed for rest. Fundamentally, an element with any number of neutrons missing or added makes an isotope of the element. Many of these elements with more neutrons than needed in the nuclei, eject the neutron, making the element radio active.
The elements themselves have many states of existence. Four commonly held states of existence are solid, liquid, gas, and plasmatic. Each element reacts differently in each of these states. The study of the states of each element in each state is all part of chemistry. In every day life, common chemistry relationships affect us all.
Dalton came up with another important law which controls the atmosphere of most all planets. This is called the Dalton's Partial Pressure Law.
Stated: The total pressure in a mixture of gasses is the sum of the individual partial pressures. Every good SCUBA diver knows the affect of Dalton's law. It causes the Bends in diving. The same disease occurred building bridges which is why the Bends is many times referred to as Caissons disease.
Although theorized, it wasn't till the later part of the twentieth century that anti mater and sub atomic particles were discovered. Anti mater is basically the same as mater only where the electron is a negative charge in standard mater, anti mater it is positive charge. The nucli of anti mater being negativelly charged. Also possible, is a physical mass difference of vairous types of atoms of various types of mater. It took cyclotrons, linear accelerators, colliders, and a whole pile of money to demonstrate that the atom was made up of more than just three elementary particles. Thus, if an atom is made up of smaller building blocks, atoms can have various types of building blocks.
The interactive forces between these electrons, protons, and neutrons is electronic and gravitational. There exists a magnetic effect too, but the magnetic effect is result of charge action whereas the primary forces are only electric and gravitational.
One must note the difference between a particle and photon. A particle of mass has discrete spherical boundaries. A photon has only its creation point and radiates spherically outward. Many physicists and chemists seem to speak of a photon as a particle. In fact, particles and photons are very different entities.
When looking at a spherical body and an atomic element, one can predict some outcomes mathematically. Particular elements have special properties when the number of electrons in what seems to resemble an outer shell equals eight. And, predictable, combined with other atoms, the combination of atoms have special properties which result in an outer layer of eight electrons. This is called valence shell. Which leads us to the concept that elements have discrete layers of electron shells. This seems to be the case. Each element fills up these shell areas in discrete levels as the elements get heavier. The change distance between electron shells seems to be close to same for each jump. However, the shells further out, tend to be a little further apart than those close to the nuclei.
Two chemical characteristics of elements are their ability to affect a magnetic field and their ability to either trap an electron or lose one. In the case of iron, iron has the ability focus a magnetic field and lose an electron easily. Iron loses electrons so easily that iron is considered a good conductor. Even at 6000 degrees fahrenheit, iron maintains its conductivity characteristics.
When considering how these two chemical characteristics of iron are affected in a magnetic field, it becomes a physical impossibility that spinning iron, creating a magnetic field the intensity of the Earth's, would continue to do so without physical energy being supplied. Electrons would be forced to the center of the planet, leaving a proton charge at the boundary which must move in a magnetic field. Such a boundary surface charge of a proton mass would create a large drag.
Generally, as the elements weight more their atomic number increases. This is only generally, because nuclii can have more or less neutrons in the center. There exists periodic functions with these elements. A periodic function is something that consistently reoccurs such as the seasons or day to night & night to day. Such chemical functions are melting points, ionization energy levels, bonding characteristics other physical properties. This led to the Periodic Table by Dmitri Mendeleev. Almost all chemistry books and many physics books have a copy of the periodic table. Typically, the period ends with a complete set of electrons in the outer layer.
When more than one element connects or bonds with another element, either the same element or different one, it is called a molecule. A prime example of this is two hydrogen atoms attached to one oxygen atom. Commonly called H 2 O or water (H2O). The force required to bond an elementary group together is called the bonding force. The bonding force is far more electrical than it is gravitational. In a molecule, the lock between elements is in the outer shell of electrons of those elements and not in gravity. This doesn't say gravity doesn't exist between the elements. It states that the locking force holding the elements together is primarily electric.
Since each element has a charged body flying around and/or in it, each element has a magnetic moment at any given time made up of other magnetic moments. As the number of electrons change in the outer layer of electron cloud, the element undergoes some different magnetic moment. The capability of a magnetic moment to resonant gives each element an absorption, transmission, and reflection coefficient. This type of magnetic moment resonance is spectroscopy. Simply, in thermal electromagnet terms, this energy conversion is stated as changing frequency. Energy enters the atomic structure as light, is frequency matches the magnetic moment resonance, the proton mass vibrates, converting the energy to mass movement, and radiating as thermal energy, which is a much lower frequency. Visa versa works with this mass system. Pump the mass with thermal energy and it will convert the low frequency waves to light waves, reradiating the energy.
Fundamentally, as a body gets colder, it changes states. The mathematical state changes for physical mass, resemble the state change of spectroscopy. They are discrete. They require abrupt thermal energy changes. Then there is superconductivity. Superconductivity is the same thing only different. The physical mass of the material is vibrationally cold such that electrons have a straight shot magnetically through the media.
Each molecule has it's own magnetic moment too. Similarly, each molecule has it's own absorption, transmission, and reflection coefficient. Such is the case with glass and clear plexiglass. At molecular and atomic resonance, the internal structure and surface boundary area react to incident energy.
Many feel the study of chemistry comes from making and breaking the bonds between atoms. Generally, one adds energy or removes energy and nothing else. However, the affects are huge. But, this comes back to the study of energy and what is energy?
The form of the energy is electric with magnetic support. As Maxwell stated: "electro-tonic." Thus, a closed electro-tonic system can be a atom and an expanding electro-tonic system can be a photon. Because they are both electro-tonic in nature, they affect each other. Typically a substance as gold would be a closed electro-tonic system and a light beam be an expanding electro-tonic system. The color gold is from the chemicals characteristics of absorption and reflection coefficients of that particular element. The actual event or reflection of the light photon occurs at the atomic level and depends on the atomic structure. Einstein showed there is a direct relationship between the energy of a photon and energy of a mass. Thus, it has been postulated that mass it self is resonant energy trapped in a closed electro-tonic system.
As it turned out, the study of photons became the study of waves. This is because almost all photons exhibit a wave frequency. Such is the characteristic of light. The colors of light are simply different frequencies of radiated photon energy. One characteristic of a wave, which seems to be the same for mass, is the faster the wave the more energy required. In effect, it is like moving a car, it takes more energy to make any given car move faster. Long waves tend to move larger masses. When the proton is moved, it requires 14,698 times more force than electron movement. Basic energy being in the form of frequency, the resonant capabilities of the electron are much better than the proton when dealing with higher energy waves. The term "thermal energy" as it associates with the word hot, has a specific frequency range. This frequency is higher than radio waves but lower than light waves. This thermal energy associated with tempreature vibrates the mass.
The combination of energies and relationship between the vibration of the mass and bonding energy creates the conditions of molecular breakup. Generally, the hotter the mass is, the greater the mass vibration, the more broken the bonds. Several types of bonds get broken. One type of bond is between solids. Generally speaking, a solid is where the elemental molecular bonding structure is sufficient between large groups of elements to hold them rigid or solid. The next thermal state between elements is fluid. Fluid is where the bond is sufficient to hold enough to follow Archimedes' principle of fluids. In a fluid, the general gravitational pull holds the bodies together. The third state of matter is gaseous. In a gaseous state, the thermal energy of the mass's proton is sufficient such that the mass can migrate easily, the proton mass movement is sufficient to move any molecule randomly in any direction, and any molecules still retain their molecular structure. Gas generally follows Dalton's, Boyle's and Charles' Laws.
Boyle's Law: If the temperature remains constant, the volume of a given amount of gas varies inversely with the pressure.
Charles' Law: It the pressure does not change, the volume off a given quantity of gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature.
The jumps between, solid, liquid, and gaseous seems to be discrete. Each jump requiring a discrete increase or decrease of anergy. Generally speaking, going between solid and liquid doesn't require as much energy going from liquid to gas. Each molecule has a different value for these transitions. Then there are things like super cool liquid as glass and crystals like diamonds. These two sub forms of mass have there own bonding forces too. Then there are sub forces as the van der Waals forces in water due to the uneven attachment of the hydrogen atoms to the oxygen atom.
Because each element has a magnetic moment and each molecule has its own magnetic moment, these elements and molecules have different moments depending on the thermal state of matter they are in too. Some molecular magnetic moment imbalances can generate such a force on the order of thousands of volts. Such a magnetic moment affect can be observed in piezoelectric devices as in many phonograph record heads, microphones, and fire starters. It is also possible to change the volume of some solids with a magnetic field by affecting the magnetic moment.
When a group of molecules are mixed up the result is a compound. When a group of compounds get together we have an object. Such objects are the Earth, cars, houses, blood cells, and humanity. This leads to defining branches in chemistry. Such branches are Organic Chemistry - the study of the compounds of carbon, both those found in nature and those produced artificially. Inorganic Chemistry - the study of compounds of all the elements other than those of carbon, and a few particular carbon compounds as carbonates, carbides, and cyanides. Physical Chemistry - the study of the physical properties of all substances, of the properties of the fundamental particles of matter, of the energies involved in reactions, and the rates and mechanisms of chemical reactions. Analytical Chemistry - the study of methods of determining the kind and amount of the elements present, the properties of elements and compounds. Biochemistry - the study of the compounds found in living organisms and of their reactions during the life cycle.
When all these forms of chemical science are applied to astrophysics it becomes clear why life on this planet got going. What happened was the Earth which was made up of this type of material got trapped in an orbital about the Sun. May be it condenced, it's not known. This orbital was at a distance from a Sun which allowed a particular level of energy transfer too the body. The size of the body made up the bodies gravitational mass. Based upon the mass of the body, the bodies structure, and energy imparted to the body, the body was able to support an oxygen-nitrogen atmosphere. Also it supported a hydrogen oxygen molecule called water in liquid form. Simply, the Earth is the right size, material make up, and distance from the right energy generating source to support water on its surface. Once water was present in sufficient quantities, a body from space containing genetic material propagated the material in the water, and a billion or so years later, life forms appeared.
Life as we know it, would have required a length of time far in excess of four billion years to have occurred randomly. However, very primitive highly organized complex organic compounds have been found in meteorites. Highly possible and very probable, life got started in some far off system and crashed into the Earth's primal soup by meteorite. Upon finding a good environment for development, life forms developed. Natural evolution took over and here we are. This would infer a very good possibility that life as we know it, with some imagination, exists in other solar systems.
Another point is the natural time the typical DNA would require if it were generated by a random configuration. Mathematically, it would far exceed the length of time the Universe is said to be old. Also, astronamers have found Suns who's age excedes the age of the Universe. So much for the Big Bang theory as it is associated with gravity.
There is an interesting relationship between the astronomical bodies and atomic particles. Both are spherical entities. The relationship between the Sun and Planets is similar to the relationship between the Proton and Electron. Both have body types have very large amount of space and long distances between the supporting components. Both have a center component with orbiting bodies about that center. Both make up larger systems. This would be the relationship between atoms and compounds and solar systems and galaxies. One is based on how small something is and it seems there are smaller items, and the other is based on how big the system and it seems the system is larger than figured. Both are affected by electro-tonic and gravitational relationships. Both possess magnetic moments. Of course, not unexpectedly, given one is made up of the other.
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