THE QUESTION? WHAT causes the Earth's magnetism?
Egyptians asked the same question three thousand years ago. The Chinese between 1300 and 1900 years B.C. knew of the compass and they asked the same question then. In 1990 the answer is still unknown. The search for the answer to "What causes the Earth's magnetic field?" goes on today.
Like the Benjamin Franklin's revelation of electricity I will contribute the answer to a violent storm. Unfortunately, 300 or so, people have been killed performing Ben's kite trick. The fury of the Earth's atmosphere was upon us. Wind, rain, lightning and a power black out was upon me. KGO was still on the air and our portable radio was working well. The lightning was creating havoc with the radio reception. Unlike Ben and others out in the rain and cold, I was inside, warm, and enjoying the radio.
An astrophysics talk show was on. The question of the Earth's magnetic field came up and it was here I realized I knew the interviewee didn't know. He was considered an expert, however, he made statements that would not work physically.
That night my mind concentrated on the laws of physics and electronics. Being a graduate Electronics Engineer, my mind was full of thought. I always believed I had a reasonable theory. Now, I was sure!
My theory seemed more accurate than the expert's theory on the radio. The next day I knew two things needed doing. One was to find out all any one knew about the Earth's magnetic field and the other was to match my hypothesis with the laws of physics.
The more I studied other peoples ideas about what causes the Earth's magnetic field, the more I had to study the laws of physics and astrophysics. The more I studied the more I found that there are a lot of other questions which are really unanswered.
Why do all the planets circulate the Sun in the same direction? Why does the core of the Earth remain hot? Why does the Earth keep spinning? How come the Earth doesn't slow down? Why did the Earth's magnetic poles shift drastically? Why do other planet's magnetic fields differ from Earth's? Why does the Earth's period speed up and slow down annually? Why, from time to time, does life forms (dinosaurs) get wiped out?
I read a well known scientific authority on the subject of the Earth's magnetic field published after the copyright date I obtained for this writing was an article in Scientific American; December 1989, "The Evolution of the Earth's Magnetic Field" "The geodynamo is self-perpetuating." Do you believe it? A couple of so called experts who are doctorates do not know what causes the Earth's magnetic field. Nothing is self-perpetuating. Any competent physicist will tell you there is no such thing as a perpetual motion system. the Earth's magnetic field is no different. There must be a source of energy for this field.
Unfortunately for most scientific minds, religion gets in the way. Many prominent individuals believe the Solar System works the way it does because there was some basic design by God. There are two religious conditions which clouded the answer. One is the concept of spiritually ordained nature. The other is the rigid, strict and hypnotic effect of believing something is true because elders said it is true.
The fear of not knowing an answer by an authority creates the condition of "ego ignorant." A respected authority dreams up an answer to a problem out of self defense and because of the persons position, the answer is believed. Schools teach the dreamed up answer, the masses become to believe the dreamed up answer, thus, this dreamed up answer must be true.
Many who are considered the most brilliant scientific and mathematical minds of the modern history, Erwin Schrodinger for example, get tangled up in the concept of spiritually ordained nature.
Although I knew the answer to the basic question on the Earth's magnetism, it still lead to years of study. The study was not paid for by any government or company. The study took tens of thousands of hours reading hundreds of books in dozens of libraries. Also, my Engineering background was necessary.
I had little help from friends. Most who were interested in hearing my theory on the subject believe I am nuts. I'm no master mind. Nor am I an authority. However, I did dream up this theory but not out of the need for a quick answer. I spent years reading about magnetics and am presenting the math to support my theory. The answers to this question can be supported using the concepts of college physics and principles of electricity. Nothing, from Newton to tectonic plate movement, can argue this theory. The answer to the Earth's magnetism also led to answers to the above questions.
The Solar System is simply a motor that is powered by the sun. The same concepts and principles will apply to the Galaxy and the Universe.
I could have called this paper a "Solar Engine." More grammatically correct, would be an engine. That is because the Sun is a thermal generator and affects the solar system's components as motion. However, one of the terminologies of engine is it is a mechanical device designed to power other mechanical devices. I have a basic problem with designed. The solar system was not designed, it just happened.
WHAT WAS, WHAT IS, WHY?
Starting a quest for the answer to "WHY" something exist first requires examining WHAT WAS the prevailing answer to the question "WHY?" What is the answer. Why is the answer believed to be correct.
After reading dozens of astrophysics and astronomy books I do believe this hypothesis to be the most accepted by far in the year of 1987. This is the "Eddy Current - Dynamo Effect.
I believe the article quoted in the Scientific American, December 1989, "The Evolution of the Earth's Magnetic Field" "geodynamo" theory is just another way of expressing the same old Dynamo theory. The eddy current - dynamo theory. There are many slight variations to this effect which are said to cause the Earth's magnetic field. Geodynamo is just another way of saying the same thing.
Before getting into what causes the Earth's magnetic field it is nice to know what is presently happening with the Earth's magnetic field?
Paleomagnetism: This is the study of the magnetic history of the Earth in rocks. Most of what scientist have determined to be the past history of the Earth's magnetic field has come from paleomagnetism.
The history of the Earth's magnetic field has been recorded by man since about the 1600s. However, rocks and other objects have been recording the Earth's magnetic history since the beginning of the Earth's crust.
It is very easy to understand how this process works. Imagine a bar magnetic. The bar magnetic was created by heating up iron material applying a strong magnetic field to the material and then allowing the material to cool. The iron simply retains the magnetic field in the direction the original field was applied.
The term for this is hysteresis from the word history.
Now imagine this bar magnetic stuck in a rock. The size of the magnetic is unimportant so long as its field direction can be determined. Iron is one of the Earth's major elements. Volcanic eruptions are molten rock and fires heat up rocks so the iron in the rocks can align with the Earth's magnetic field. When the iron cools. If the rock is carefully removed from the Earth and its physical characteristics recorded, then after dating the rock, the direction of the Earth's magnetic field at the time the magnetic was created can be determined.
Written records show the poles of the Earth to have moved as much as 20 degrees in both inclination and declination with respect to the magnetic field since the 1600's. There are spots on the Earth where the magnetic field pole are as much as 180 degrees off. Or to say "reversed." At these spots the Earth's crust material seems to have an affect on the magnetic field. One such famous spot, the Doom and Gloomers affectionately call the Bermuda Triangle. This place has been responsible for many disasters caused by people believing their instruments and compasses thus, getting lost, dying, and in effect, falling off the ends of the Earth.
Paleomagnetism in rocks shows that the poles have been in many different places. There has been several fast and complete reversals in the Earth's history and the poles have constantly been changing position.
Studies of the Earth's magnetic field shows the poles to be shifting continually. There is a closed path pattern which the apparent poles circumscribe regularly throughout the year. This drawing shows the north pole changing in what seems to be a complete path or sort of a square. This was a tracing from a 1965 plot of the north pole position. For several years prior to 1965 and a few years after 1965 the positional plot change looked similar with slightly different patterns.
Another interesting observation is that the poles when recorded at different parts of the Earth's are shifting in different directions at the same time. Measurements at England, Hawaii, Hong Kong and Los Angeles indicate that the poles are at 8 different locations moving in 8 different directions. This is also after using computers to attempt canceling out the effect of the Earth's crust.
Both the Sun and the Moon have an effect on the Earth's Magnetic field. The lunar period of magnetic affect is every 12 hours. Thus, the time of month and the time of day affect the location and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field.
X, Y, Z Magnetic Component: In measuring the Earth's magnetic field it was found that the field was not simply a dipole. There are places where the field is bent or polarized in east-west direction rather than in the north-south direction. The Bermuda Triangle is an example of this bending of the field. Also, the field tilts in and out of the Earth. Thus, it is necessary to express the field in a horizontal X, vertical Y, and Declination Z.
The effect of the Earth's magnetic field is drastically different as one leaves the Earth's surface heading toward space. There is a current in space called solar wind which affects the magnetic field. The solar wind in effect, alters the poles and the intensity of the field in space. As one leaves the Earth's surface the poles maximum intensity shifts toward the Sun.
Generally speaking, and I do mean generally, the Earth's magnetic field is like a bar magnetic. That is to say, two poles diametrically opposed to each other. It has been found that Earth's poles are not dipoles outside the Earth's atmosphere either.
Many of travelers have relied on the Earth's magnetic field with their compasses. North pole generally being at 78 degrees north and 69 degrees west compared to the axis of spin. South pole generally being at 78 degrees south and 111 degrees east. The compass is one of man kinds most inaccurate instruments. The compass relies on the concept that north is north and south is south, unfortunately, its not the case everywhere. Some early sailors relied on their instruments, they became lost and died.
The intensity of the Earth's magnetic field about 0.3 Oersted at the equator and 0.6 Oersted at the poles. A typical bar magnetic is about 10,000 Oersted. The intensity of the Earth's magnetic is fairly constant.
What is the Eddy Current - Dynamo Effect?
So, now I come to the explanation of the eddy current dynamo effect as an explanation as to what causes this magnetic phenomenon in the Earth. To do so, some terms need to be developed along with some physics concepts.
Current: This is the flow of something. In basic terms, current is the motion of a number of specific units by some reference point. In general terms, current can describe the flow of water, air, electricity, cars, heat and a host of other things past a specific point. For water, current is the flow of water in a stream form or under the Golden Gate Bridge. For air, current is the flow of O2 & N2 air molecules and is commonly called wind. For electricity, current is the flow of charges in a wire conductor and commonly called Amperes. For transportation, current can be the number of cars moving along a road. For thermodynamics, current is the flow of heat.
Current Intensity: This is the number of specific units moving by some reference point in a length of time. The more units passing some point in the same period of time the grater the intensity of the current.
Again in general terms for water and electricity. The current intensity of fluids like water is measured by the amount of gallons passing a point per minute. A grater current intensity would be that of fast moving river and a low intensity current would be that of water coming out of the faucet in a house. For electricity current intensity is the amount of electrons passing a point in one second.
Current Flux: This is the number of specific units moving by some reference point in a length of time for a given area.
In fluid flow dynamics, it is possible to have a larger current intensity but weaker current flux. As an example, the above mentioned river may be fast moving but if it is not as fast moving as the water from the faucet, the faucet water flow will have a greater current flux than the river, yet the river has a greater intensity.
Force: In classical terms, force is the physical agent which causes a change or strain. For example; when one picks up an object, they are applying a force to the object, causing it to be lifted against gravity. Gravity is also applying a force. When one throws the object upward, the object fails to continue upward and its upward velocity diminishes and the object attains a downward velocity. This change of velocity is caused by the force of gravity.
An example of strain force; when one puts a glass of water on top of a piece of paper on a table top, one can detect the force of strain on the paper when they try to pull the paper out from between the table and glass. Although, nothing is changing, the paper is under the force of strain caused by the force of gravity pulling on the glass of water and the strain resistant force of the table top.
There are many terms to force. Some are; impressed, restoring, tangential, attractive, concurrent, coplanar and parallel forces. However, in terms of my version of force, there is only a real force, all other forces are reactionary. This is simply a matter of definition, a strain force is a reactionary force. A real force is that force which can cause change or possesses the potential to cause change. In the first above force example, the force of picking up and throwing the object and gravitational force are real forces. In the second force example, gravity is the real force and the strain is the reactionary force.
The problem with the real world is there is never any black or white. It turns out, that there is a whole lot of in between. There is always more than one way of looking at anything too. However, in my view, there are only two types of forces. Those of active forces and reactive forces.
Lets take an automobile moving down the road. There is only two real active forces on the automobile, the force of gravity and the force of the thermally expanding gas. The force of the expanding gas is converted to torque by the engine and transferred to the ground, propelling the automobile forward. The force of gravity keeps the car on the road. A reactionary force would be that of the air on the automobile. The air resistance is not a real force because if the engine was removed, the air resistance would cause the car to slow down, the resistance would eventually be zero because the car would stop causing no air resistance.
Since current flow is the number of units moving by a reference point, it could be said by an observer standing by the road that there is a car current. Suppose we have a 3 lane freeway, all the cars are moving in the same direction and the lanes are the same size. In lane one the cars are moving at 1 car past the observer per second, in lane two the cars are passing the observer at 2 cars per second and the third lane the cars are passing at 3 cars per second. The total current intensity for the freeway is 6 cars per second, however, the current flux is different for each lane. In lane one the flux is 1 car per second per lane area and in lane two it is 2 cars per second per lane area and the third lane is 3 cars per second per lane area.
Generally speaking the greater the current intensity, the greater the forces required to drive the current. In the example of the freeway, each car required a force to propel it by the observer. The more cars the grater the current intensity, the greater the forces required to propel all the cars.
To develop the concept of a reactance force, lets change observation points. It is important as to which is moving, the car, the air or both. In this case the air is still outside the car. Thus, the air outside the car flows by the car and can be considered air current by an observer in the car. The force driving the current is not applied directly to that which is termed as current to the observer. The force being felt by the observer in the car is the force of air but the air is not being driven, its the car that is being driven through the air.
The air current has a force acting upon the car. This is termed resistance force. The air is a reactance force in that it will change the velocity of the automobile. If the cars engine were to stop applying propelling force to the car, the air resistance would also stop. To the observer in the car, the air seems a real force. To an observer on the ground the air is reactionary force because to the ground observer there is no air force. Therefore, it becomes important when considering forces to also consider viewpoint. Also, it is possible that the air has a real driving force.
With electricity, voltage is a real force and resistance is a reactance force. With gravity, the cup on a table applies a real force to the table and the table applies a reactance force to the cup. In plasma, an applied magnetic field exerts a real force on a moving particle and the particle exerts a reactance magnetic force on the magnetic field.
Work: Work is force through distance when the force is in the direction of movement. The amount of work can be found by multiplying the total force exerted on an object times the distance the object traveled.
Work in terms of a Centimeter-Gram-Second (CGS) system is dyne-centimeter or erg. In the Meter-Kilogram-Second (MKS) system it is newton-meter or joule. In addition, both rotational work and electrical work relate to the same force through distance equations.
In the above example of the automobile, work is being done to move the car. It would be the amount of force required to move the car times the distance the car traveled.
Power: is the time rate of doing work. Power = Work Done / Time To Do It. In the MKS system, the unit of power is 1 joule per second, which is 1 watt.
Just for example and it is my car, I choose for simplicity, that the force required to move the car was 1 kilogram, the car went 1 meter, and it took 1 second to do it. I'll let the student figure out how many watts were required.
Energy: is the capacity to do work. The terms of energy are Joules, Ergs or Foot-pounds. One Joule is one newton-meter. Energy is a scaler quantity in that it is independent of the direction of force or the direction of motion.
The types of energy are kinetic energy, electrical energy, magnetic energy and potential energy.
The unit of energy is the Joule. One Joule is the work done by a force of one newton acting through a distance of one meter. The term joule can be applied to any type of energy. It's not important as to what type of energy it is but only the energy's capacity to work.
Joules = Description
1.602 x 10-19 = 1 Electron Volt
1.990 x 10-15 = 1 Angstrom Unit Photon
1.602 x 10-13 = 1 Million Electron Volt(MeV)
3.460 x 10-12 = 1 Fusion Reaction Release
1.491 x 10-10 = 1 Atomic Mass Unit (amu)
1.000 x 10-07 = 1 Erg
1.356 x 10+00 = 1 Foot-Pound
4.184 x 10+00 = 1 Calorie
1.055 x 10+03 = 1 BTU
3.600 x 10+03 = 1 Watt Hour
2.684 x 10+06 = 1 Horse Power Hour
7 x 10+09 = 1 Ton of TNT equivalent
9 x 10+16 = 1 Mole of Deuterium - Hydrogen
Energy Relationships
Energy can not be destroyed. Energy is always conserved. If a body gains energy it must gain it from somewhere and if a body looses energy, the lost energy must go somewhere. Energy can be converted. Such as electrical energy to heat or light. Converting energy does not destroy it, only changes it. When energy is converted it tends to be converted in discrete amounts. Thus, quantum mechanics was developed to account for the states of energy. Under no circumstances known to science does energy magically appear or disappear.
Energy relates to 3 basic universal types; mass, force and radiation. Einstein proposed that all matter is energy. Thus, his famous equation of E=MC^2. Therefore, mass can be converted into energy and theoretically energy can be converted into mass. The way the Sun is believed to operate is by taking Hydrogen and pushing the atoms nuclei together to form Helium. This is called fusion. When the atoms combine they give off energy and their net mass decreases to account for the energy.
We can relate energy to the above automobile. It requires energy to create the force over distance to propel the car. In the case of automobiles the energy source is the thermal burning of fuel causing expanding gas in the engine.
Eddy: This is a counter current within a current. It is any circulation drawing its energy from a flow of a greater magnitude, brought about by pressure irregularities, as in the lee of a rigid obstacle. The eddy currents cause is based on the conservation of energy.
Suppose we have a convertible. When you are driving in a convertible with the top down in the front seat, you notice your hair in your face. You are going forward and your hair is blowing backwards. When you stick your head above the windshield your hair blows in the direction away from your face. There are two different currents of air here. The main current is the air current outside the car, the eddy current is the current within the car. There are eddy currents at the rear of the car too, and this is generally referred to as drag.
When watching a stream or creek, one see's the water running by. However, in some places a leaf or other floating object seems to be drifting in a direction opposite that of the main current flow of the stream. The reverse current is the eddy current.
Applying the above current force operating relationships, Eddy currents must be driven by a force from somewhere. The only place to derive such a force is from the main current flow. Thus, eddy currents are created at the expanse of the main system. This in turn makes the eddy currents reactionary.
Electromagnetic Induction: An electric current in a wire has a magnetic field encircling it. A wire cutting a magnetic field will have a current induced in it. Joseph Henry figured it out.
A Transformer is a good example of electromagnetic induction. Transformers are used all over. One can see them on telephone poles, in buildings and in lots of electronic devices. The object of a transformer is to transform power requirements, either voltage, current or impedance. Power comes into the transformer by means of an electrical current. The current flows through what is termed as primary coils. This electrical current creates a magnetic field. Other sets of coils called secondary coils are coupled into magnetic field from the primary coils such that the magnetic field induces a force in the secondary coils. The value of voltage, current or impedance of the secondary coils can be different. Another characteristic of most transformers is there is not physical connection between the primary and secondary coils.
Eddy Currents show up in electrical circuits as induced currents by a magnetic field or electromagnetic field. For example, core currents in a transformer. To increase the effective magnetic coupling in a transformer, iron is introduced as a transformer core. The primary coil's magnetic field also induces a current flow within the iron core. The induced current in the iron core is called an eddy current and removes power from the system. This power loss is significant, so, transformer manufactures strive to reduce the power loss. This is done by lamenting the iron core to restrict electrical current flow or using materials which conduct magnetic and restrict electrical current flows.
Eddy currents are significant in electrical motors and generators too. In all cases eddy currents create power losses.
Dynamo: A dynamo is a general class of machines which transform electrical into mechanical energy or mechanical into electrical energy. Although, it is not always possible, theoretically, a dynamo is a perfectly reversible device. That is, it may be used as a generator to transform mechanical power into electrical power or a motor to transform electrical power into mechanical power.
The two parts of a dynamo are a magnetic field and an armature. One of these (most likely the armature) is mounted on a rotating shaft and the other is stationary. One of two things will occur. Either the magnetic field induces force on the armature which is converted to torque which is a motor, or, torque is applied to the armature by an outside force which causes coils in the armature to cut a magnetic field inducing a current which is a generator.
Earth's Currents: Scientists have shown that both electrical and physical currents are occurring within the Earth's mantle and core. These currents are detectable and do exist. These currents range from constant currents to micro pulsations as shown by Tepley 1961.
It is believed that the Earth's rotation sets up eddy currents within the Earth. These eddy currents contain charged particles which are detected by surface instruments. Because the motion of charged particles or electric current has magnetic fields associated with them, it therefore is believed that the eddy currents are responsible for the Earth's Magnetic Field.
Thus, it was concluded, and widely accepted that based upon the motion of charges within the spinning Earth, a magnetic field is being induced. Because of the type of motion, spinning, and because it is generating magnetic power it is called a dynamo. This is why the name Eddy Current - Dynamo Theory came about.
What is causing these Earth's currents?
Where is the power coming from? No competent scientist believes in the perpetual motion machine. Power to generate the currents must be coming from somewhere. If the power isn't coming from a source outside the Earth it must be coming from within the Earth.
The electric currents within the Earth require extremely sensitive instrumentation, how can such small hard to detect currents generate such an awesome magnetic field?
In all cases, these currents would require power or energy to sustain themselves. Some scientists believe the power is coming from the kinetic energy stored in the rotational mass of the Earth. If this is true, then how much kinetic energy is required to support a magnetic moment as large as the Earth?
Based on a study by G. D. Gibson and P. H. Roberts at University of Newcastle upon Tyne; assuming a radius of the size of the Earth, the magnetic permeability of the Earth's materials and electrical conductivity of those materials the decay time of a conducting sphere is about fifteen thousand years (15,000).
15,000 years is not long compared to the length of time the Earth has been spinning. Even if the calculations were off by a factor of 100 we are not within the ball park. We know the Earth has been around for longer than one and half million years. Therefore, the Earth's rotational kinetic energy can not support the Earth's magnetic field.
We now can conclude that the Earth's currents which are eddy in type, like the magnetic field require a force to sustain them. This force must be much grander in scale than the Earth's rotational momentum.
The Dynamo Theory is based on motion. The rotation of the body generates the necessary forces to create the generation of a magnetic field. Basically, the Dynamo Theory was set up by T.G. Cowling of University of Leed with his "super -- Cowling theorem." Elsasser and Edward Bullard of Cambridge University cooked up the Dynamo Theory and Arvid Herzenberg of Manchester University proved that the fluid flow of convection cells can support a magnetic field which supported the Dynamo Theory. Every body jumped on the band wagon, thus, the Dynamo Theory.
Now, if this were true, then Mercury which rotates very slowly compared to the Earth and Mars, should have little or no magnetic field. Mars which rotates at close to the speed of Earth should have close to the same magnetic field as Earth. This is not the case. Mars has a very small magnetic field and Mercury has a strong magnetic field. Two planets directly opposing the Dynamo Theory.
When taking into account the big picture, the Dynamo Theory as it is presented by Elsasser, Cowling, Bullard, an Herzenberg just doesn't work. So, if the existing theory doesn't work, what then?
The rest of this paper should answer the question well enough so people with some knowledge of physics and mathematics will have an idea of how the mechanism works to get the Earth's magnetic field. Subsequent chapters in this paper will deal with physics, electricity, magnetics, plasma, and planetary physics.
As you can see, I am not a great artist. Every drawing and graph was hand done by me, they were not traced or photo copied, and unfortunately, it looks like it. However, I did use some clip art. Another words, some of the graphs may not be truly accurate. I have no doubts that parts of this paper has flaws. Ninety-nine percent of the formulas I used in this paper were taken from some other source. Hopefully, the person who wrote about the subject knew what they were doing. Material from smarter minds than mine went into this paper. I am only presenting a theory.
One may get the idea that my grammar is in the kitchen baking cookies. Actually, if it were not for my computer, I would never have written this. That's because my spelling is worse than my grammar. I had a hard time writing this. One of the reasons why I am such a poor speller is that I am dyslectic. This is the minds ability to swap letters and unfortunately, numbers around without knowing about it. I can read words into a sentence or read them out. To tell a short story of how bad my problem is: I was teaching class at a local college and I spelled "system" wrong three different times in the same class. Unfortunately for me, a writer for a national magazine wrote an article about how poor college instructors are these days. As a result I got canned. Oh, well, I can take a joke.
I have checked, double checked, and triple checked these numbers and formulas but it's no guarantee I got them right. However, worse yet, many of my sources as NASA, JPL, and the Atomic Energy Commission got things wrong also. It looks like they can take a joke too.
I am one hundred and ten percent confident that the theory presented here is far more correct than perpetual motion. Any physicist who got their degree from a real college knows that perpetual motion does not exist. I myself, have one degree from the College of San Mateo in Electronics Microwave Engineering and another degree in Electronic Engineering from the California Polytechnic University in San Luis Obispo.
I have been studying electricity since five years old when I licked my dad's Lionel train tracts while the train was running. Besides stupid, it was an eye opening event. In high school, I crossed 15,000 volts when I inadvertently pointed to it. One microfarad at 15,000 volts truly bites. There has not been a time in my life when I have not been working with electronics. Presently, lets say, I'm around 50 years old. I've been studying it for about 40 years. Electricity is a fascinating subject to me.
Not many of my friends really know electricity. Working with electronics is not well paying in this country. When it comes to the Earth's magnetic field, another question keeps coming up which is "Who cares?"
Not only is the study of magnetics important from the stand point of electricity and navigation, but magnetics is important to the human physiology. Linus Pauling won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his discovery of the magnetic properties of hemoglobin in the blood in 1954. Lately, there has been rumblings that strong alternating magnetic fields are a cause of cancer. Several noted scientists have demonstrated that the human brain contains tiny magnetic crystals which have an effect on memory and motor function in the human body. This concept of electromagnetic fields causing ill health scares power companies and hide as much evidence as the can.
However, when studying magnetics as it applies to the Earth's magnetic field, I have found that ignorance of the subject is totally detrimental to the health of humanity. Society as a whole is far too content to believe there will be a tomorrow. It's important to see the big picture here. Humanity can go the way of the dinosaur very easily.
All the following chapters support the theory that the Sun powers the Earth.
To the average individual reading this paper: Unless you know integration and upper level mathematics, the formula's will be somewhat meaningless and possibility foreboding. Simply look at the formulas and say to yourself, yep, those are formulas. I tried to write in such a way that the numbers and formulas are not all that important to understand. Besides, I really don't derive many formulas but only copied the final result of what someone else derived. The extensive use of formulas and numbers is strictly to support my theory. Without the supporting math, there would be no theory.
To the individual with a good grasp on physics and math, this paper includes many simple entry level concepts. Most these concepts can be found in any college level physics book or electromagnetics book. There are also some advance concepts and some concepts so advanced that they probably are not all that correct. For example, the understanding of plasma is very shaky because plasma is too hot to handle.
To the individual who is extremely knowledgeable, may be you'll learn something.
From start to end, this paper does one and one only thing, that is to put a source to the Earth's magnetic field. No more perpetual motion.
TABLE OF CONTENTS